![]() A further test can be run to tell the difference between bone or liver alk phos. High levels of Alkaline phosphatase can be an indicator of blockage in the liver, or damage to bone. – Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found in the cells that line the ducts of the liver and also in bone. Greatly elevated bilirubin levels cause jaundice. Elevated levels usually indicate a problem with the liver’s ability to process bilirubin either through increased breakdown of red cells, or, more often, liver disease such as hepatitis. Bilirubin is a protein processed by the liver and excreted in the digestive tract through the gallbladder in bile. Hemoglobin is the red pigment that carries oxygen in red blood cells. – Bilirubin is a by-product of the breakdown of hemoglobin. – Albumin/globulin ratio helps to discern if there is a problem with either globulin or albumin when the total protein is abnormal. There are many types of globulin that can be measured separately to determine what type of disease is going on if the globulin levels are abnormal. – Globulin is produced by the immune system (cells from the bone marrow). Low levels of Albumin are associated with liver disease. – Albumin is a protein produced by the liver. Protein level is the sum of the body’s albumin and globulin levels. Proteins are an indicator of body metabolism and general health of the liver and immune system. – proteins are the “building blocks” of the body. In this case, calcium is probably normal. This is because calcium is attached to proteins in the blood. Often calcium levels will be slightly outside normal ranges associated with either high or low total protein levels. Abnormal calcium levels are usually associated with malfunction of the parathyroid glands, or with severe illness. This is calcium in the bloodstream, important for proper function of the muscles. Low levels of Carbon dioxide are often associated with extreme stress on the body or abnormal kidney function. – Carbon dioxide levels are another indicator of kidney function, especially as they relate to the maintenance of the proper pH of the blood (balance between acidity and alkalinity in the body). Sodium, chloride, and potassium levels can be thrown out of balance (especially potassium) by diuretics (“water pills”). – Sodium, chloride, and potassium are the main salts in the bloodstream and are important indicators of kidney function. A low BUN/Creatinine ratio means creatinine is elevated relative to BUN. – when BUN level is elevated, the BUN/Creatinine ratio helps to determine if BUN elevation is due to dehydration or if it’s due to kidney problems. High levels of Creatinine are the best early indicator that the kidneys aren’t working properly. Creatinine is a protein and is filtered from the blood by the kidneys. ![]() – Creatinine is a by-product of muscle function. – high Urea nitrogen (BUN) levels are often associated with decreased kidney function or dehydration. Low levels are sometimes indicative of “hypoglycemia.” Urea nitrogen (BUN) ![]() High levels of Glucose (above 140 or so in the fasting state) are usually indicative of diabetes. The Comprehensive Metabolic Panel of lab test results look at the general state of the body with special attention to the function of the liver and kidneys. We concluded that the normal range of BUN and Cr levels differed between young and elderly subjects, and that the decline in renal function correlated with age after the seventh decade.What do the Comprehensive Metabolic Panel lab results mean? Although Cr levels did not correlate with age in elderly subjects, Cr levels divided by body surface area significantly correlated with age. Significant positive correlation was found between BUN levels and age in male elderly subjects. The mean Cr level in the elderly subjects was slightly higher than that in the control subjects. The mean BUN level in the elderly subjects was significantly higher than that in the control young subjects. The estimated normal range of BUN was 14-23 mg/dl both in male and female elderly subjects, and that of Cr was 0.9-1.3 mg/dl in male and was 0.7-1.1 mg/dl in female. We defined the normal range as range within the single SD-line of the remainder. We calculated the mean and the standard deviation (SD) in each group, and excluded subjects with values beyond twice the SD-line. This study was a part of the Kahoku Longitudinal Aging Study (KLAS) that aims to reveal the comprehensive functions in the aged. We measured the variables also in 315 cases of sex-matched young control subjects (male, 139 female, 176). To estimate normal ranges of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) levels in the aged, we measured BUN and Cr levels in 332 cases of apparent-healthy elderly subjects (male, 152 female, 180) aged 70 years or more. ![]()
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